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Pan’kevych, Ivan ArtemovychPan’kevych, Ivan Artemovych (b. October 6, 1887, Tseperiv [Austrian Galicia], Ukraine; d. February 25, 1958, Prague [Czechoslovakia], Czech Republic) — Galician-Ukrainian emigre linguist, folklorist, literary scholar, educational administrator, professor, and civic activist in Subcarpathian Rus’. Pan’kevych studied at L’viv University and the University of Vienna (Ph.D., 1912), then taught at the St. Theresa Academy in Vienna (1915-1918) and the gymnasium in Stanyslaviv (1918-1919) before leaving Galicia permanently. He emigrated to Czechoslovakia in 1919, enrolling at Charles University in Prague, but within a year the Czechoslovak government sent him to Uzhhorod as a department head (referent, 1920-1924) in the new educational administration in Subcarpathian Rus’. His main task was to prepare textbooks “in the Rusyn vernacular language.” Since his student days in Galicia Pan’kevych had been an activist in the Ukrainian national movement (secretary of the Prosvita Society in L’viv), and he used that experience to introduce the Ukrainian language in Subcarpathian Rus’ as the basis for educating Rusyn youth in a Ukrainian national spirit. In contrast to other, more radical nationalists, he undertook such ideological work with great caution and concern for local sensibilities. For instance, the first two editions of his Hramatyka rus’koho iazyka (1922, 1927) were not grammars of literary Ukrainian but rather of a language based closely on the local Rusyn vernacular speech. This language came to be known popularly as “the Pan’kevychivka.” Despite criticism from Ukrainian radical nationalists his approach was successful, so that by the 1930s texts using Pan’kevych’s language were “cleaned up,” the “local dialectisms” were removed, and the transition to a Ukrainian literary language was completed (compare the third edition of his grammar, 1936). Throughout this period Pan’kevych taught at the Uzhhorod gymnasium (1920-1938). A talented organizer, he was one of the founders of the Ukrainophile *Prosvita Society (1920) and the Pedagogical Society of Subcarpathian Rus’ (1920); for the latter, he frequently convened teachers’ conferences at which the Ukrainian national idea was promoted. He served as editor (1920-1923) of the children’s journal Vinochok, first editor (1920-1923) of the teachers’ journal *Uchytel’, and founding editor (1923-1924) of the popular magazine *Podkarpatska Rus’. He was also the most influential figure on the editorial board of the 14-volume scholarly *Naukovyi zbornyk tovarystva ‘Prosvita’. Pan’kevych became the leading specialist on the Rusyn dialects of *Subcarpathian Rus’ and the *Presov Region, about which he published a seminal monograph, Ukrains’koi hovory Pidkarpats’koi Rusy i sumezhnykh oblastei (1938), and a detailed analysis of Rusyn phonetics, Narys istorii ukrains’kykh zakarpats’kykh hovoriv: fonetika (1958). Beginning in 1921 and for almost four decades he worked on a dictionary of Rusyn dialects, for which he had organized numerous research expeditions during the interwar years and collected over 100,000 lexical cards. From these he prepared more than 10,000 entries covering the first three letters of the *Cyrillic alphabet (А, Б, В). After Pan’kevych’s death the materials for his dictionary were given to the Czechoslovak-Soviet Institute of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in Prague, where entries for several more letters of the Cyrillic alphabet were completed by Orest *Zilyns’kyi (Г, Е-И, Ф-Ц, Щ, Ю) and Andrii Kuryms’kyi (Д, К, Ч, Ш, Я). After 1964 the institute lost interest in the dictionary, work was stopped, and the text that was prepared disappeared. The Subcarpathian linguist Mykola *Hrytsak tried to rework Pan’kevych’s material and produce a dictionary with 300,000 words, but he completed only the first two Cyrillic letters (А-Б). In 1992 Pan’kevych’s surviving daughter transferred the dictionary materials he left to the Museum of Czech Literature at the Strahov Monastery in Prague. Pan’kevych’s studies of Rusyn folklore and ethnography were published in the journals of which he was editor. Much of the data he used was drawn from research expeditions undertaken in cooperation with the Czech Academy of Sciences: one recorded voices illustrating Rusyn dialects (1929), the other Rusyn folk music (1935), which were produced in 29 phonograph records. As a literary scholar, Pan’kevych discovered and analyzed Subcarpathian manuscripts dating from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and he wrote studies about several Rusyn writers, including Aleksander *Dukhnovych, Mykhail *Orosvygovs’kyi-Andrella, Ivan *Fogarashii, and Ievhenii *Sabov. When, in March 1939, Hungary annexed all of Subcarpathian Rus’, the Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Istvan Csaky, assisted Pan’kevych’s departure first to Bratislava and then Prague. Throughout the World War II years Pan’kevych taught as an associate professor (docent, 1939-1945) at the Ukrainian Free University. At the close of the war he taught Ukrainian language and literature at Charles University in Prague (1945-1952) and cooperated with *Ukrainophile activists in the *Presov Region, for whom he wrote (but published anonymously) a guidebook to assist teachers during the sudden administrative change to Ukrainian-language instruction in Rusyn schools (Korotki pravyla ukrains’koho pravopysu dlia vzhytku Priashivshchyni, 1952). When, however, in 1952 Czechoslovakia’s Communist regime began its campaign against “Ukrainian bourgeois nationalism” in the Presov Region, Pan’kevych was isolated and soon fired from his teaching post at Charles University. He spent the rest of his years in Prague continuing to work on problems of Rusyn dialectology. Bibliography: Mykola Mushynka, ed., Naukovyi zbirnyk Muzeiu ukrains’koi kul’tury v Svydnyku, IV, pt. 1 (Bratislava and Presov, 1969), esp. pp. 9-267; Materialy naukovoi konferentsii, prysviachenoi pam”iati Ivana Pan’kevycha (Uzhhorod, 1992), pp. 3-214; Mykola Mushynka, “Ivan Pan’kevych i Priashivshchyna,” Duklia, XL, 6 (Presov, 1992), pp. 28-38; Iosyp Dzendzelivs’kyi, “Nashe iazykove bohatstvo: pro slovnyk hovoriv I. Pan’kevycha,” Tysa, III, 1-2 (Uzhhorod, 1995), pp. 75-84; Pavlo Fedaka, “Ivan Pan’kevych—doslidnyk narodnoi kul’tury ukraintsiv Zakarpattia,” Naukovyi zbirnyk Tovarystva ‘Prosvita’, I [XV] (Uzhhorod, 1996), pp. 163-175; Petro Khodanych, Pedahohichna ta osvitn’o-kul’turna diial’nist’ ukrains’kykh pys’mennykiv-emihrantiv na Zakarpatti v mizhvoiennyi period, 1919-1939 (Uzhhorod, 1999), pp. 20-43. Ivan Pop Entry courtesy of Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture. |
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